Discussing the detailed syllabus for all optional subjects in the UPSC CSE in a single response would be extensive, given the number of subjects and the depth required. Instead, I'll outline the syllabus for a few popular optional subjects to give you a clear idea. For a comprehensive list, you can refer to the official UPSC notification or the UPSC website.
### 1. **Anthropology**
#### Paper I:
- **Introduction to Anthropology**
- Meaning, scope, and development of Anthropology.
- **Physical Anthropology**
- Principles of evolution, primates, fossil records.
- **Archaeological Anthropology**
- Theories of evolution, cultural evolution, prehistory.
- **Social Anthropology**
- Family, kinship, marriage, economic organization, political organization, religion, and magic.
- **Indian Anthropology**
- Tribal and peasant communities, social change in India, development programs, ethnicity, and tribal unrest.
#### Paper II:
- **Evolution of Indian Culture and Civilization**
- Prehistoric, protohistoric, and historic cultures.
- **Demographic Profile of India**
- Ethnic and linguistic elements in the Indian population.
- **Indian Population**
- Structure and growth, family planning, and welfare.
- **Caste System**
- Structure and characteristics, socio-cultural dimensions.
- **Tribal Communities**
- Problems of tribal communities, developmental policies, and programs.
### 2. **Geography**
#### Paper I:
- **Physical Geography**
- Geomorphology, climatology, oceanography, biogeography.
- **Human Geography**
- Perspectives in human geography, economic geography, population, and settlement geography.
#### Paper II:
- **Geography of India**
- Physical settings, resources, agriculture, industry, transport, communication, trade, settlement, regional development, and planning.
### 3. **History**
#### Paper I:
- **Ancient Indian History**
- Sources, prehistoric cultures, Indus Valley Civilization, Vedic Period, Mauryan and post-Mauryan periods, Gupta and post-Gupta periods.
- **Medieval Indian History**
- Early medieval India, Delhi Sultanate, Vijayanagara Empire, Mughal Empire, Marathas.
#### Paper II:
- **Modern Indian History**
- European penetration into India, British expansion, British economic policy, socio-religious reform movements, the nationalist movement, India post-independence.
- **World History**
- Industrial revolution, world wars, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism.
### 4. **Political Science & International Relations**
#### Paper I:
- **Political Theory and Indian Politics**
- Political theory, theories of the state, justice, equality, rights, democracy, and Indian political thought.
- **Indian Government and Politics**
- Indian nationalism, making of the Indian Constitution, features of the Indian Constitution, principal organs of the Union Government, political parties, pressure groups, elections, challenges to democracy.
#### Paper II:
- **Comparative Politics and International Relations**
- Approaches to the study of comparative politics, state in comparative perspective, politics of representation and participation, globalization.
- **India and the World**
- India’s foreign policy, bilateral relations, global organizations, India’s contributions to regional and global groupings.
### 5. **Public Administration**
#### Paper I:
- **Administrative Theory**
- Introduction to Public Administration, theories of administration, administrative behavior, organizations, accountability and control, administrative systems.
- **Public Policy and Analysis**
- Public policy, techniques of administrative improvement, financial administration.
#### Paper II:
- **Indian Administration**
- Evolution of Indian Administration, philosophical and constitutional framework, public sector undertakings, plans and priorities, state government and administration, district administration since independence, financial management.
### 6. **Sociology**
#### Paper I:
- **Sociology – The Discipline**
- Modernity and social changes in Europe, scope of sociology, sociology and common sense.
- **Sociology as Science**
- Science, scientific method, and critique, major theoretical strands, Positivism, Functionalism, Conflict Theory, symbolic interactionism.
- **Research Methods and Analysis**
- Qualitative and quantitative methods, techniques of data collection, variables, sampling.
#### Paper II:
- **Indian Society**
- Perspectives on the study of Indian society, impact of colonial rule, social structure, family, marriage, and kinship.
- **Social Change in India**
- Visions of social change, rural and agrarian transformation, industrialization and urbanization, politics and society, social movements.
### 7. **Physics**
#### Paper I:
- **Classical Mechanics**
- Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations, small oscillations.
- **Electromagnetic Theory**
- Maxwell’s equations, electromagnetic waves, wave propagation in isotropic and anisotropic media.
- **Optics and Quantum Mechanics**
- Wave optics, quantum mechanics basics, Schrodinger equation.
#### Paper II:
- **Atomic and Molecular Physics**
- Atomic structure, spectral lines, molecular physics.
- **Nuclear Physics**
- Nuclear models, radioactivity, nuclear reactions.
- **Solid State Physics**
- Crystal structure, X-ray diffraction, band theory of solids.
### 8. **Chemistry**
#### Paper I:
- **Inorganic Chemistry**
- Chemical periodicity, structure and bonding, main group elements.
- **Physical Chemistry**
- Quantum chemistry, thermodynamics, statistical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics.
#### Paper II:
- **Organic Chemistry**
- Reaction mechanisms, synthesis of organic compounds, biomolecules, and spectroscopy.
- **Analytical Chemistry**
- Chemical analysis methods, chromatography, electrochemical methods.
For the complete and detailed syllabus of each optional subject, it is best to refer to the official UPSC notification or the UPSC website. This ensures that you have the most accurate and updated information.
