In this post we are covering short notes for writing essay on north east insurgency topic which is the part of internal security theme.
1. QUOTES:-
A state could be at risk from 4 different kinds of threats -Internal, External, Internally aided external & Externally aided internal"
~ Chanakya's Arthshastra
Our ability to reach unity in diversity will be the beauty and test of our civilization
~ Mahatma Gandhi
Insurgency free, peaceful and prosperous north east
~ MHA
2. STATIC :-
- North-East India now consists of eight Indian states: Brother state - Sikkim + seven sisters - Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, and Meghalaya.
- NE connected with India's mainland by Siliguri corridor also known as chicken's Neck because it's narrowest 20-22km area.
- NE region share It's 99% border with other countries. China > Myanmar > Bangladesh > Bhutan > Nepal.
- More than 200 ethnic groups with distinct languages.
3. RECENT:-
- “a golden day” for Assam and its people, the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) signed a peace accord with the governments of Centre and state, agreeing to shun violence, disband the organisation and join the democratic process.
- Along with it also signed peace agreement between the UNLF, the government of Manipur and the government of India, leaders and cadres of National Revolutionary Front Manipur (NRFM) joined UNLF on December
- The scale of violence has also reduced drastically in the past nine years, compared to the decade before 2014. At least 8,000 insurgents have surrendered since 2014.
Here we can divide body in Two parts -
- Reasons
- Govt steps
Reasons
1. HISTORICAL:-
- British ignorance and policy of non interference
- Extreme exploitation left it marginalised and underdeveloped.
2. Geographical:-
- Porous border + undulating topography. ( Porous border between twop countries Which is easy to Cross for anyone, north east has over 60% border is porous according to MHA 2022. The main challenges are to check misuse of porous border by terrorists and criminals. + undulating topography means high hill areas).
- Poor mainland connectivity. ( NE connected with India's mainland by Siliguri corridor also known as chicken's Neck because it's narrowest 20-22km area. NE region share It's 99% border with other countries. China > Myanmar > Bangladesh > Bhutan > Nepal.)
- Proximity to golden triangle ( Laos + myan + thai). ( Myanmar shares a 1,643-kilometer border with Northeast India and is a key part of the Golden Triangle, a major drug manufacturing region producing 68% of the world's illegal opium. Approximately 65% of global opium poppy cultivation occurs in these mountainous areas. The northeastern states of India, in close proximity to the Golden Triangle, bear significant consequences from the drug trade due to a porous border that facilitates trafficking, intensifying the problem.)
3. ETHNIC:-
Land of over 40m people and home of 213 tribal groups.
- Illegal migration + demography change. ( Eg. Kuki from china, Rohingya from Myanmar, chakma from Bangladesh.)
- Ethnic violence. ( Nagas Vs kukis, meities Vs kuki in manipur ).
- Cultural imposition. ( Assimilation Pressure or risk of minority, Marginalization, Language Shift, Social Inequality, Tension and Conflict).
- Perceived the feeling of neglect and 'US Vs them'.
4. GOVERNANCE:-
one shoe fit all' approach ( thought would solve all the problems)
- poor socio- eco indicators (health, edu, infra).
- corruption, lack of local know + adm will
- insufficient autonomy to dev councils. (Development councils in the region may lack adequate autonomy to address local issues)
- perceived neglect , mistrust due to AFSPA. (The presence of AFSPA may create a perception of neglect and mistrust among the local population. Concerns about human rights violations under AFSPA contribute to tension and alienation)
5. TRANSNATIONAL:-
Myanmar and Bangladesh-based leadership of terror outfits have hatched a transnational conspiracy to 'wage war against India' by exploiting the current ethnic unrest in the State of Manipur.
- support by cross border ethnic group. (eg- kachins - Myanmar + karens- sino-tibetan)
- safe havens. (shelter in Bangladesh, Myanmar)
- china- pak support. ( funds + arms smuggling + drug trafficking + organised crime).
Govt steps
76% reduction in insurgency according to govt of India data.
1. PEACE ACCORDS :-
- Multiple peace accords in the last 9 years.
- Extremist groups disarmed, with over 8000 insurgents surrendering since 2014.
- Withdrawal of Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) from Tripura (2015) and Meghalaya (2018).
- Substantial reduction of AFSPA in Nagaland, Assam, and Manipur.
2. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT:-
- Act East policy. (4C- culture, commerce, connectivity capacity building, described by PM Modi, India's vision for the region is SAGAR – Security for All and Growth for All).
- kaladan multi modal transit corridor with Myanmar. ( The Kaladan Multimodal project connects Kolkata port with Myanmar's Sittwe Port by sea, Sittwe to Paletwa via river Kaladan, Paletwa to the border of India, and Myanmar via road and further ahead to Lawngtlai, Mizoram by road).
- Bharatmala pariyojana to improve connectivity. (Under Bharatmala Pariyojana (BMP) roads stretches aggregating to about 5301 km in NER have been approved for improvement.)
3. PRO PEOPLE governance:-
- Union Cabinet approval for Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN).
- Focus on providing basic facilities to Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) including safe housing, clean water, sanitation, education, health, nutrition, road connectivity, and livelihood opportunities.
- Saturation of schemes like PMJAY, Sickle Cell Disease Elimination, TB Elimination, immunisation, PM Poshan, and Jan Dhan Yojana.
- Allocated Rs 15,000 crore over three years in the 2022-23 Union Budget for the Pradhan Mantri-PVTG Development Mission.
- Aims to uplift PVTGs by ensuring comprehensive development and addressing their unique needs.
4.
