Hi guys welcome to Eduquizindia.blogspot.com here in this article we are providing you Important Daily Articles from the Hindu, Indian Express, LiveLaw, Down To Earth, PIB and ORF of 5th July 2023 these sources are enough for your exam if you will read all articles daily which are provided below.
GS PAPER-1
As in the case of GS paper-I. Questions can directly be asked from history, geography, Indian society . However, there are also topics in Indian Society and Geography, where an aspirant needs to connect the static syllabus of GS Paper 1 with the current affairs. That's why all important daily articles from current affairs sources of 5th july 2023.
(A). Important articles for history, art and culture upsc current affairs 5th july 2023
+The indian express
Article title - Ethnicity, religion, a shared history: ties that bind the Zo peoples of Manipur & Mizoram
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Ethnicity, Religion, and Shared History: Unifying Factors Among the Zo Peoples of Manipur and Mizoram
In a heartfelt tweet on Tuesday, Mizoram Chief Minister Zoramthanga made an emotional appeal to restore peace in Manipur. This plea(appeal) coincided with a significant call from the Zoram People's Movement (ZPM), the main opposition party in Mizoram, which urged for a reunification of the Zo people. This plea(request) for unity comes in light of the ongoing ethnic tensions between the Meitei community, who form the dominant group, and the Kuki-Zomi tribes in Manipur.
Zo ethnic brethren ~
The Kuki-Zomi peoples of Manipur, primarily residing in the districts of Churachandpur, Pherzawl, Kangpokpi, with scattered populations in Chandel and Tengnoupal, are part of the broader Zo ethnic tribes. Among these tribes, the Lushei of Mizoram represent one of the largest groups.
"The month of May marked the occurrence of a brutal and unfortunate incident in Manipur. Even at this very moment, 3:30 am on July 5th, 2023, it appears that nothing has changed," expressed Zoramthanga in a lengthy post, accompanied by a poster featuring himself with the poignant question, "When will it stop?"
"We are keeping track," affirmed Zoramthanga, "and today marks the 62nd day."
Zoramthanga referred to the Kuki-Zomi people of Manipur as "my Manipuri Zo ethnic brethren" and expressed his distress at witnessing any further images or videos depicting the burning of churches, brutal killings, or any form of violence. Currently, Mizoram is providing shelter to 12,000 internally displaced persons from Manipur.
During an interview with a local television channel, Lalduhoma, the president of ZPM, stated, "The vision of my party is to unite all Zo people under a single administrative unit. This is our mission
According to Article 3 of the Indian Constitution, this possibility has already been provided, acknowledging these individuals as our brothers and sisters residing in Manipur. Lalduhoma stated, "If they choose to join us, they are most welcome." Lalduhoma is set to be the ZPM's candidate for the position of chief minister in the upcoming Assembly elections in Mizoram later this year. In the recent elections for the Lunglei Municipal Council, the ZPM secured victory in all 11 seats, with the results announced in early April. Some analysts consider these results as an indication of the electorate's sentiment leading up to the elections for the 40-member Mizoram Assembly. Lalduhoma mentioned that the reunification of the Zo community would be an election issue, to some extent.."
The Chin homeland~
The Chin Hills, also known as the Indo-Chin hill ranges, encompass a densely forested region with elevations ranging from 2,100 to 3,000 meters in northwestern Myanmar. These hills serve as the homeland for numerous tribes that fall under the Zo ethnic grou
The Zo people comprise various tribes belonging to the Chin-Kuki-Mizo ethnic group, residing across Myanmar, India, and Bangladesh. Additionally, numerous sub-tribes and clans, such as the Chin, Kuki, Mizo, Lushei, Zomi, Paitei, Hmar, Ralte, Pawi, Lai, Mara, Gangte, Thadou, and others, are part of the Zo community.
The tribes are believed to have migrated from China, passing through Tibet, and eventually settling in Myanmar. They speak a collection of Tibeto-Burman language.
Frequent conflicts between the tribal clans and their kings, also known as chieftains, compelled many of the clans to migrate westward during the 17th century. This migration led them to the present-day regions of Mizoram and parts of Manipur. Although they established new villages in these areas, they maintained strong social and emotional ties with the Chin tribes of Myanma.
Even prior to the military coup in Myanmar that took place in 2021 and forced tens of thousands of Zo people to seek refuge in Mizoram, migration across the porous international border had been continuous and unrestricted. This is the reason why, despite directives from New Delhi, Zoramthanga has refused to deport the Myanmarese refugees, citing "humanitarian grounds.
Beyond shared ethnicity and religion, as the tribes are predominantly Christian, the Kuki-Zomi community in Manipur also shares a collective history and memories of the tumultuous Mizo nationalist movement during the 1960s. When Indian forces cracked down on the movement, many Mizo individuals fled to Manipur, where they have resided ever since."r.s.y.p.
A new reunification
The majority of the displaced individuals who have migrated from Manipur to Mizoram have settled in the districts of Aizawl, Kolasib, and Serchhip. With the exception of a small number, approximately 2,500 to 3,000 individuals, who are currently residing in transit camps established by the Mizoram government, the vast majority of internally displaced persons (IDPs) are living with their Mizo relatives. Many of them have their own homes or business connections in Mizoram and have maintained a regular pattern of travel between the two state.
The movement for "Zo reunification" has significantly diminished due to the political impracticality of annexing territories from Manipur, Tripura, Arakan in Myanmar, and the Chittagong Hills of Bangladesh to integrate with Mizoram. However, the idea continues to hold strong emotional appeal for the people of Mizoram.
Both Zoramthanga's Mizo National Front (MNF) and Lalduhoma's ZPM are likely to support the demand for a separate administrative setup for the tribes of Manipur and, potentially, even territorial integration with Mizoram.
GS PAPER-2
UPSC GS Paper 2, also known as the Civil Services Preliminary Examination (CSAT), primarily focuses on topics such as governance, polity, social justice, international relations, and current affairs.
The questions in GS Paper 2 often include a significant component related to current affairs. This is because the UPSC aims to assess candidates' understanding of contemporary issues and their ability to analyze and apply this knowledge to various aspects of governance and administration.
To stay updated on current affairs, you can refer to various sources such as newspapers, news websites, magazines, and government reports.but instead of doing so much hardwork for finding content from different resources you can surely prefer our platform here we are providing you all important daily articles, topic related to gs paper 2 upsc.
(A). Important articles for polity and constitution upsc current affairs 5th july 2023
(1) Federal structure: Hurting the federal compact
+The indian express(page - 13)Article title - Hurting the federal compact
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Hurting the federal compact
Centre's Delhi ordinance will prolong adversarial politics in the capital . This does not augur well
Ashwani Kumar: The bonhomie between opposition leaders at the Patna conclave was disrupted by a visible discord between the Congress and AAP leadership due to the former's reluctance to commit itself to oppose the ratification of "The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Ordinance, 2023," by the Rajya Sabha. This should not be surprising since political priorities often trump constitutional edicts, much as we may wish to believe otherwise.
The Centre's ordinance effectively strips the elected government of Delhi (GNCTD) of its administrative control over the civil service. It appears to be an extension of the ongoing political rivalry between the BJP and AAP, pushing the boundaries of politics within the constitutional framework. The constitutionality of the ordinance can be questioned on multiple grounds. It can be criticized as a case of legislative overreach, aimed at nullifying the Supreme Court's May 11 verdict that upheld the GNCTD's legislative and executive authority over services related to subjects initially reserved for the Union Territory. Considering the implicit intention of the ordinance to reinterpret the SC's verdict, it can be seen as encroaching upon the judicial sphere, which goes against the principle of separation of powers embedded in the Constitution's basic structure. Moreover, the ordinance undermines the constitutionally established federal structure, which is based on the principle of distributing sovereign power between the Union and its constituents, emphasizing a lack of trust in concentrated power. Therefore, it is highly debatable that the concurrent legislative power of Parliament can be used to weaken the GNCTD's longstanding legislative and executive control over matters originally under its jurisdiction.
Most importantly , the gravamen of the challenge to the constitutionality of the or dinance is its frontal assault on representa tive democracy and the parliamentary form of government . The ordinance transfers ad ministrative control and power to the un elected lieutenant governor , acting as the Centre's representative . It enables depart mental secretaries to disregard policy deci sions by the Council of Ministers . They are no longer answerable to the chief minister or ministers representing the popular will but must now defer to the LG in his capacity as the President's delegate . Pertinently , the power to make key appointments to posts The ordinance directly impacts the well-being of the people and takes away the authority of departments responsible for crucial services for the citizens of Delhi, transferring it to the President rather than the government elected by the people. As a whole, the ordinance reduces the role of the Chief Minister's office to a symbolic position, showing a blatant disregard for the popular mandate.
The ordinance blatantly contradicts the unequivocal pronouncement made by the Supreme Court's Constitution Bench. The court clearly stated that establishing a democratic and representative form of government for the NCT of Delhi, through the inclusion of Article 239-AA and 239-AB, would be rendered futile if the government elected by the people of Delhi is unable to enact policies and laws within the legislative authority of the Delhi Legislative Assembly. This reaffirmation of democratic principles is an integral part of our constitutional jurisprudence. Furthermore, within the broader constitutional framework, the democratic institutions of the Indian state are mandated to work in harmony and cooperation, fostering an "amicable community of purpose" rather than functioning as opposing entities.
The legislative action taken by the central government contradicts the Supreme Court's judgment without clear necessity, raising constitutional concerns. The legality of the ordinance will undoubtedly face vigorous contestation. The counter arguments put forth by the Union government may rely on various factors, including the persuasive appeal of Parliament's legislative supremacy, the legal presumption favoring the validity of legislation, the central government's role as the primary custodian of public interest in the GNCTD, and the unique needs and responsibilities of Delhi as the national capital. Whether these arguments will persuade the Supreme Court to uphold the ordinance will depend on the Court's perception of the justice of the cause within the larger context. When balancing and weighing competing constitutional values, the Court is expected to establish their hierarchies and boundaries by drawing upon constitutional scholarship, historical lessons, and an understanding of the political realities at play. Constitutional adjudication is rarely detached from its political context. In reaching a decision, the Court, as the designated arbiter of constitutional conscience, is expected to lean towards the foundational values of the republic and reinforce its role as a trusted harmonizer of national sensitivity. Therefore, the judicial review of the ordinance's constitutionality should be seen as part of an ongoing dialogue between democratic institutions aimed at strengthening democracy and constitutionalism.
In what could potentially be a protracted legal battle, the highest court is anticipated to safeguard democratic governance for the citizens of Delhi during the interim period, based on fundamental constitutional principles. Political leaders on both sides must acknowledge that an ongoing conflict between the Union and states is detrimental to our democracy. As a nation progressing and striving to maximize its potential, there is a yearning for leadership capable of resolving debilitating conflicts that challenge the resilience of Indian democracy and undermine the quality of our politics.
The writer is former Union Minister of law and Justice . Views expressed are personal
(B). Important articles for governance and social justice upsc current affairs 5th july 2023
(1) Federal structure: Hurting the federal compact
+The Indian express(page -15)
Article title - Data Protection Bill: Data Protection Bill likely to come up before Cabinet today
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Data protection Bill likely to come up before Cabinet today
"The draft of the Bill was initially proposed last November and has since undergone several rounds of public consultation. It is anticipated that the draft data protection Bill will be presented to the Union Cabinet today (Wednesday) and, upon receiving Cabinet approval, is expected to be tabled during the Monsoon session of Parliament, as per information obtained by The Indian Express."
"The initial draft of the Bill was introduced in November last year, and subsequently, it went through several rounds of public consultation. Taking into account the feedback received during these consultations, a second draft was prepared, which then underwent further rounds of inter-ministerial discussions."
"A senior government official, speaking on the condition of anonymity, stated that the Cabinet is anticipated to discuss the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2022 on Wednesday. Following Cabinet approval, the Bill will be presented during the upcoming session of Parliament."
"The Bill serves as a crucial component of the comprehensive technology regulatory framework being developed by the government, alongside other important legislations such as the proposed Digital India Bill (the successor to the Information Technology Act, 2000), the Indian Telecommunication Bill, 2022, and a policy pertaining to non-personal data governance."
"The latest version of the draft was released after the government withdrew a previous iteration from Parliament in August last year. The initial version had undergone several iterations, including a review by a Joint Committee of Parliament (JCP), and had faced opposition from various stakeholders, including technology companies and privacy activists.
According to an earlier report by The Indian Express, the proposed new law has the potential to further liberalize data transfer conditions. It may allow unrestricted global data flows by default to all jurisdictions, except for a specified negative list of countries where such transfers would be restricted."
"The draft, which was made available for public consultation, initially stated that the government would notify specific countries or territories where the transfer of personal data of Indian citizens would be permitted. However, sources indicate that this provision is expected to be amended. Instead, the Bill is likely to allow cross-border data flows to all geographies, while implementing an official blacklist of countries where such transfers would be restricted."
"This shift is perceived as a strategic step to facilitate uninterrupted business operations for enterprises and position India as a vital participant in the global data transfer network. It is considered a significant aspect of ongoing trade negotiations that India is engaged in with key regions, including the European Union."
"The provision regarding 'deemed consent' in the draft Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2022, might undergo rewording to impose stricter regulations on private entities. Simultaneously, government departments could be granted the authority to assume consent for processing personal data based on grounds of national security and public interest. Additionally, the Bill could include a provision to ensure compatibility with pre-existing regulations issued by other Departments or Ministries, as previously reported."
"The Bill has faced criticism from privacy activists due to the broad exemptions it provides to the Centre and its agencies, as well as its perceived weakening of the data protection board's authority."
"The Minister of State for Electronics and IT, Rajeev Chandrasekhar, stated that the new Bill emphasizes the inclusion of consumer rights as data protection rights. It aims to establish light and easily manageable obligations for data fiduciaries, ensuring that innovation, the economy, and India's reputation as a secure destination for data processing remain unhindered. Additionally, the Bill aims to fulfill the government's objectives in terms of data governance, as reported earlier."
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(2) Draft Data Protection Bill: Digital India Bill to prescribe guardrails for digital competition; separate law to enforce rules
+The Indian express(page -15)
Article title - Data Protection Bill: Data Protection Bill likely to come up before Cabinet today
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Digital India Bill to prescribe guardrails for digital competition; separate competition law to enforce specific rules
"The Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI), whose members include companies like Google, Meta, and Microsoft, recently sent a note to the committee established by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA). In the note, IAMAI expressed its opposition to ex-ante regulations for the sector, arguing that such regulations would disincentivize companies from scaling beyond a certain threshold.
As the committee established by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) prepares a draft law on digital competition, the Ministry of Information Technology (IT Ministry), which serves as the central authority for the Internet sphere in India, is anticipated to outline overarching principles for the competitive landscape. In this regard, the MCA will assume the primary responsibility for formulating and implementing specific regulations pertaining to the sector.
The IT Ministry's role in prescribing broad principles for the competition space demonstrates the government's recognition of the need for a comprehensive framework to address digital competition issues in India. By establishing these fundamental guidelines, the IT Ministry aims to ensure fair and healthy competition within the digital sector, promoting a level playing field for all stakeholders involved.
The committee, established by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) in February, is reportedly exploring the possibility of introducing "ex ante" competition regulations specifically for the digital space. This proposal is influenced by a recommendation put forward by a Parliamentary panel. However, it is worth noting that such regulations have faced opposition from major technology companies operating in India.
According to a tweet by the Finance Ministry, on Tuesday, a meeting took place between Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman and Rajeev Chandrasekhar, Minister of State for Electronics and Information Technology. The meeting revolved around the discussions on digital competition laws, and it was stated that both ministers agreed on the importance of adopting a "whole of Government approach" in formulating the provisions related to this matter.
Rajeev Chandrasekhar, the Minister of State for Electronics and Information Technology, stated that Prime Minister Narendra Modi's vision of building a $1 trillion digital and innovation economy necessitates the establishment of global standard cyber laws. These laws should provide a future-ready framework capable of adapting to new challenges, rapid changes, and disruptions in the digital landscape.
Chandrasekhar further mentioned that he recently had a constructive meeting to comprehend the Ministry of Corporate Affairs' perspective on digital competition. The objective was to explore how this perspective could be harmonized with the Digital India Act, which is set to succeed the IT Act of 2000.
As per a senior government official, the IT Ministry is currently working on finalizing the draft of the Digital India Bill. The upcoming bill is expected to include an entire chapter, tentatively titled 'openness,' dedicated to addressing competition issues in the digital space. This chapter will establish comprehensive principles pertaining to the sector, encompassing topics such as defining market power and addressing market imbalances.
The inclusion of this chapter reflects India's focus on tackling the dominance of large technology companies through antitrust measures. Notably, the European Union has already taken a lead in this area with the implementation of the Digital Markets Act (DMA) in November of the previous year.
In December 2022, the Standing Committee on Finance put forth several proposals to address anti-competitive practices in digital markets. These proposals included the recommendation for ex-ante regulations, the establishment of a category of systemically important digital intermediaries (SIDIs), and the introduction of a new digital competition law.
The committee suggested that certain digital intermediaries should be classified as SIDIs based on criteria such as their revenue, market capitalization, and the number of active business and end users they have. This classification would help identify and regulate digital intermediaries that hold significant market power and have the potential to impact competition in the digital ecosystem.
India's current regulatory structure for competition issues operates under an "ex-post" approach. This means that the Competition Commission of India (CCI) can only take action against an entity once anti-competitive practices have been established. However, with the proposed "ex-ante" framework, companies would be required to implement mechanisms to prevent any abusive anti-competitive practices proactively.
The Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI), which represents major companies such as Google, Meta (formerly Facebook), and Microsoft, has expressed opposition to the introduction of ex-ante regulations for the sector. IAMAI argues that such regulations could disincentivize companies from scaling beyond a certain threshold.
The submission made by the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI) has received criticism from prominent startups in the country, with some labeling IAMAI's views as "propaganda" in favor of big technology companies.
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(3) Free speech: Thwarting Twitter
+The hindu (page -08)
Article title - Thwarting Twitter: on the Karnataka High Court ruling
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Thwarting Twitter: on the Karnataka High Court ruling
Ruling in favour of blocking should not be the last word on social media law
Unfortunately, the Karnataka High Court rejected Twitter, Inc.'s petition challenging the validity of the series of blocking orders passed by the Union government. While it was expected that litigation involving the government's power to restrict speech and expression, as permitted in Article 19(2) of the Constitution, would be difficult, it is concerning that the court dismissed all arguments regarding the lack of notice to users and the apparent lack of proportionality in suspending accounts and posts containing political content, particularly dissenting views against the government's farm laws and the resulting farmers' protests. There was hope that judicial review would moderate the authorities' inclination to block accounts instead of ordering the removal of specific tweets, links, or URLs deemed detrimental to public order or national security.
What is most disappointing is that the court ruled against Twitter's ability to advocate for its users who have not expressed any grievances and discouraged an intervenor who had experienced account-level suspension. It stated that a foreign entity like Twitter could not invoke the constitutional guarantee of free speech and expression on behalf of its users. In a final blow to the platform, the court imposed costs of ₹50 lakh for engaging in prolonged "speculative litigation" and for failing to comply with the blocking orders for an extended period, only doing so under protest.
There is no doubt that social media content has the potential to devolve into incitement, hate speech, and hostile propaganda against the state or its institutions. In most countries, laws are in place to compel intermediaries like social media platforms and Internet service providers to remove any objectionable content. However, it is widely recognized that established democracies should formulate policies and regulations that uphold fairness and natural justice, rather than imposing undue restrictions on freedom of speech and expression.
Section 69A of the IT Act, which grants the power to issue blocking orders, was upheld by the Supreme Court in the Shreya Singhal case (2015), primarily due to the presence of adequate procedural safeguards. Twitter argued that the lack of notice to the originators of content and the account users violated that ruling. The court, however, has ruled that issuing notice to users is not mandatory, especially when their identities may not be ascertainable. Conclusions like these, along with the broad discretion granted to authorities to opt for account-level blocking, may warrant reconsideration. A definitive judgment from the Supreme Court may be necessary to clarify the rights and responsibilities of large media companies concerning user-generated content.
Note :- this article is from official website you can read it on either our website or official website also
(4) Mission Vatsalya Scheme: Govt to help combat child trafficking in border areas, set up rehabilitation homes
+The hindu (page - 14)
Article title - Mission Vatsalya Scheme: Govt to help combat child trafficking in border areas, set up rehabilitation homes
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Centre to assist border States and UTs to set up homes for rehabilitation of trafficking victims
These homes would provide shelter, food, clothing, counselling, primary health facilities and other daily needs for the trafficking victims, most of whom are children and minors
The central government has taken a significant step towards combatting child trafficking and ensuring the rehabilitation and protection of victims by initiating infrastructure development in border areas.
As a part of this initiative, the Ministry of Women and Child Development will extend financial assistance to States and Union Territories (UT) situated along the border areas. The purpose of this assistance is to support the establishment of specialized homes dedicated to the protection and rehabilitation of trafficking victims originating from neighboring countries.
According to officials in the Women and Child Development Ministry, these specialized homes will cater to the needs of trafficking victims, the majority of whom are children and minors. The homes will provide a range of essential services including shelter, food, clothing, counseling, primary health facilities, and other daily necessities.
According to officials, human trafficking is a significant issue in India, with the country serving as both a source and destination for trafficking. Nepal, Bangladesh, and Myanmar are identified as the primary source countries from where women and girls are lured with promises of a better life, employment opportunities, and improved living conditions in India.
The victims of trafficking predominantly comprise minor girls and young women. Upon arrival in India, they are often subjected to exploitation, sold, and coerced into engaging in commercial sex work. Major cities such as Mumbai, Delhi, and Hyderabad are frequently identified as transit points, from where the victims are transported to destinations primarily in West Asia and Southeast Asia, as stated by the officials.
Given the gravity of the situation, it is imperative for the states bordering these source countries to exercise heightened vigilance and establish sufficient facilities for the provision of relief and rehabilitation to trafficking victims. Recognizing this need, the Ministry has committed to providing financial assistance to support these efforts.
To date, the Women and Child Development Ministry has been actively providing financial assistance to all States and Union Territories through the Nirbhaya Fund. This support aims to establish and enhance Anti-Human Trafficking Units (AHTUs) in every district across the country. Additionally, funding has been allocated for the establishment of these units within border guarding forces such as the Border Security Force (BSF) and the Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB).
Currently, there are 788 functional Anti-Human Trafficking Units (AHTUs) across the country, including 30 units within the border guarding forces.
In the case of trafficking victims in border areas, there is a specific procedure in place to ensure their welfare and support. These victims will be presented before the Child Welfare Committees (CWCs) to assess their eligibility for availing sponsorship under the Mission Vatsalya Scheme guidelines. The CWCs play a crucial role in determining the suitability of victims for sponsorship programs.
Mission Vatsalya is the central scheme focused on the protection and welfare of children.
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(5) Open Market Sales Schemes: Centre-State tussle over OMSS may take spotlight at Food Ministers’ meet
+The hindu (page - 14)
Article title - Open Market Sales Schemes: Centre-State tussle over OMSS may take spotlight at Food Ministers’ meet
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Centre-State tussle over the Open Market Sale Scheme likely to be discussed at Food Ministers’ meet
Tamil Nadu and Karnataka are likely to reiterate their opposition to the restriction imposed on purchase
The national conference of Food Ministers of States and Union Territories, scheduled for Wednesday, is expected to cover several important topics. These include discussions on issues like the limitation on States' purchase of foodgrains through the Open Market Sales Scheme (OMSS), the fortified rice program, and the procurement strategy for coarse grains/millets during the upcoming kharif marketing season.
States like Tamil Nadu and Karnataka are expected to once again express their opposition to the restrictions placed on purchases through the Open Market Sales Scheme (OMSS). Recently, Karnataka, under the Congress government's Anna Bhagya scheme, made a decision to directly transfer benefits to the people instead of providing foodgrains at a subsidized rate. The Tamil Nadu government has also expressed concerns regarding the imposition of restrictions on state purchases from the Food Corporation of India.
The one-day meeting between State Food Ministers and Union Food Minister Piyush Goyal, along with Ministers of States Sadhvi Niranjan Jyoti and Ashwini Kumar Choubey, Union Food Secretary Sanjeev Chopra, and other senior officials, will encompass discussions on various important topics. These include the effective implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana and the National Food Security Act. Additionally, discussions will focus on the implementation of a "route optimization study" to reduce overall logistics costs, the implementation of a smart public distribution system, and the improvement of fair price shops.
According to a statement by the Food Ministry, this significant gathering is intended to discuss and strategize on crucial agendas. These include the procurement of coarse grains/millets, grading of procurement centers, effective implementation of PMGKAY (Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana), implementation of SMART-PDS (Public Distribution System), the launch of the sugar-ethanol portal, the unveiling of a nine-year achievement booklet by Mr. Goyal, rice fortification, and various other important topics.
A representative from the Tamil Nadu government confirmed that the issue of OMSS restrictions will be raised during the meeting. The official stated that the state used to procure 70,000 tonnes of foodgrains through OMSS for distribution among the people of Tamil Nadu. However, the central government has now halted this procurement, leaving the state with no choice but to explore alternative methods to implement their schemes. State Food Minister R. Sakkarapani is set to attend the meeting.
During the meeting, a Kerala official addressed the issues related to the implementation of the National Food Security Act. The official emphasized that the State had raised concerns about the recent reduction in wheat allocation and had requested its restoration. Furthermore, the State had previously expressed dissatisfaction with the distribution of fortified rice in two districts. State Food Minister G.R. Anil had specifically called for comprehensive studies to be conducted on fortified rice before considering its universal distribution through the Public Distribution System (PDS).
During a previous meeting of Food Ministers, it was highlighted that Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat had also expressed the need to receive a higher allocation of wheat from the Food Corporation of India (FCI) stocks. Additionally, presentations on the procurement strategy for coarse grains/millets, an action plan to ensure transparency in the upcoming kharif market season, and wheat stock limits will be delivered during the meeting.
Note :- this article is from official website you can read it on either our website or official website also.
(C). Important articles for international relations upsc current affairs 5th july 2023
(1) Swing States: The rise of swing states
+The Indian express(page -12)
Article title - Swing States: The rise of swing states
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Swing States: The rise of swing states
These states will be pivotal to the world economy and balance of power
Goldman Sachs, the renowned global investment bank that famously envisioned the potential of the BRICS nations two decades ago, has now shifted its focus to a new concept: "swing states." These emerging players are set to play a crucial role in shaping the global balance of power. In contrast to the diminishing relevance of BRICS and SCO within India's strategic calculations, swing states are rapidly gaining significance in Delhi's strategic priorities.
The concept of BRICS, initially introduced by Goldman Sachs, aimed to draw investor attention to the economic prospects of Brazil, Russia, India, and China at the turn of the millennium. However, this idea soon took on a life of its own, evolving into a political force. Much like the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) formed in 2001, the BRICS initiative emerged with a simple objective: to counterbalance American dominance during the unipolar era of the 1990s. Particularly for Russia, seeking to regain its global stature following the collapse of the Soviet Union, BRICS served as a valuable platform. Moscow's push for the Russia-India-China (RIC) forum provided the necessary framework for this endeavor.
While the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) had global ambitions, the focus of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) was primarily regional. The SCO aimed to safeguard the shared inner Asian periphery of Russia and China against the influence of the United States and its "color revolutions." Initially established as the "Shanghai Five" in 1996 by Russia and China, the organization later included Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan—three former Soviet Republics with borders adjacent to China. In 2006, the BRICS forum was formally established with its initial four members, eventually welcoming South Africa in 2010 to form BRICS. As global interest in both the SCO and BRICS grows, discussions regarding the expansion of their memberships have arisen. However, despiteambitious expansion plans, these organizations find themselves losing geopolitical momentum as the context that brought them together at the turn of the millennium has shifted significantly.
The notion that larger membership automatically equates to increased effectiveness is not always accurate. Examples such as the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) demonstrate that despite their extensive memberships, they have not attained significant power or influence in contemporary times, nor are they likely to do so in the future. A similar pattern emerges when considering the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and BRICS. Merely expanding membership does not guarantee sustained geopolitical prowess or impact.
[The concept of 'swing states' holds the potential for long-term relevance due to its less ideological nature. Instead, it is grounded in the structural realities of the international system, acknowledging the emergence of various nations, regardless of size, possessing substantial resources, capacities, or strategic locations that can shape geopolitical outcomes. This pragmatic approach accounts for the enduring nature of swing states within the global arena]
The national conference of Food Ministers of States and Union Territories, set to take place on Wednesday, will address a range of significant topics. The agenda includes crucial discussions on key issues such as the limitation on States' procurement of foodgrains through the Open Market Sales Scheme (OMSS), the fortified rice program, and the procurement strategy for coarse grains/millets in the upcoming kharif marketing season.
Originally established to counter perceived "external threats" from the United States, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) provided Central Asian rulers with protection against Western-sponsored "regime change" and offered the security of Russia and China. However, the geopolitical landscape has since shifted. Following Moscow's invasion of Ukraine and the Russian nationalist rhetoric undermining the legitimacy of former Soviet republics, the concept of "external threat" has taken on a different meaning in Central Asia. Moreover, the region is no longer interested in solely trading Russian hegemony for Chinese dominance. Central Asian states are actively seeking to diversify their international relations, forging connections with the United States, Europe, Japan, Turkey, and India.
Similar to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the BRICS alliance no longer conceals its internal contradictions. Russia initially viewed BRICS as a means of political mobilization against the United States, while China, amid a growing relationship with the West during the 2000s, aimed to leverage the forum for expanding its economic and commercial influence. Today, engaged in a fierce competition with the West, China perceives BRICS as a platform to legitimize its global ambitions. Meanwhile, for India, the RIC (Russia-India-China) and BRICS served as valuable safeguards against potential threats from the United States, protecting its core national interests.
The geopolitical landscape of BRICS has transformed significantly in recent times. China has emerged as a dominant power, surpassing its former peers with a GDP that exceeds the combined GDP of all other BRICS nations. In contrast, Russia finds itself entangled in a costly and unwinnable conflict with the West, while its relative economic influence continues to decline. Moscow's dependence on China has grown, particularly as it grapples with the consequences of the Ukraine war. Concurrently, India's tensions with China have intensified, while its relations with the United States are gradually improving. While Delhi once aspired for a "multipolar world" in the 1990s, its current preference is a "multipolar Asia," aiming to prevent the region from becoming solely China's sphere of influence.
The concept of "swing states" possesses the potential for long-lasting relevance due to its pragmatic nature, rooted in the structural conditions of the international system. This emergence stems from the presence of numerous nations, irrespective of their size, wielding significant resources, capabilities, or strategic locations that can exert influence on geopolitical outcomes. The idea of "swing states" gained prominence in the early 21st century as analysts began identifying pivotal states capable of making a significant impact on the global distribution of power. With the escalation of great power competition, the concept of "swing states" has garnered increased attention and traction.
Goldman Sachs is actively emphasizing the significance of the "swing states" concept to global investors who are grappling with the disruptions caused by the breakdown of great power harmony and the retreat of economic globalization. What was once a debate confined to armchair strategists in think tanks has now shifted towards educating investors. According to a report published by Goldman Sachs, geopolitical swing states play a crucial role in the world economy and balance of power. However, they currently lack the individual capacity to drive the global agenda. The report also notes that as tensions between the United States and China continue to escalate, swing states will possess substantial capabilities to navigate geopolitical competition, seize opportunities, and exert influence.
As global capital increasingly recognizes the significance of geopolitics, leaders across the world are placing greater attention on the concept of "geoeconomics." India is no exception to this trend. While India continues to actively participate in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and BRICS, its expanding bilateral engagement with crucial swing states, particularly in resource-rich Africa, capital-rich Gulf nations, and technology-rich Europe, is expected to have more substantial implications for India's future.
The writer is a senior fellow at the Asia Society Policy Institute , Delhi and a contributing editor on international affairs for The Indian Express
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(2) SCO Virtual Summit: SCO calls for multipolar world order as Iran joins grouping
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SCO calls for multipolar world order as Iran joins grouping
Indicating a lack of consensus, India stays out of statements on economic cooperationand on China’s Belt and Road Initiative, owing to projects in PoK; SCO calls for cooperation on digital payments and countering radicalisation
The leaders of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, at a virtual summit chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Tuesday, emphasized the significance of establishing a "more representative" and multipolar world order, asserting that it is in the global interest.
The recent summit witnessed the induction of Iran as the ninth and latest member of the grouping, marking one of several agreements signed during the event. However, India, the host of the summit for the first time, declined to align with other members on paragraphs pertaining to China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in the joint statement. Additionally, India abstained from endorsing the joint statement on the SCO Economic Development Strategy 2030, revealing a lack of consensus within the grouping. Prime Minister Modi also strongly criticized Pakistan for cross-border terrorism and China for connectivity projects that disregard sovereign boundaries.
The SCO grouping currently consists of China, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
The agreements signed at the summit include the New Delhi Declaration, which outlines areas of cooperation among SCO countries; a joint statement on countering radicalization; and another statement on digital transformation, in which India offered to share expertise on digital payment interfaces. In reference to sanctions on Russia and Iran, SCO members collectively criticized non-UN sanctions as "incompatible with the principles of international law," emphasizing their negative impact on other countries. Additionally, SCO members agreed to explore the utilization of national currencies for payments within the grouping, thereby bypassing international dollar-based transactions
However, the declaration highlighted that only "interested member states" signed the economic strategy statement, while excluding India from the paragraphs supporting China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). India's opposition to the BRI stems from its inclusion of projects in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.
"Improved connectivity not only strengthens bilateral trade but also nurtures mutual trust. However, it is crucial to uphold the fundamental principles of the SCO charter, with particular emphasis on respecting the sovereignty and regional integrity of the member states," stated Mr. Modi..
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GS PAPER-3
The UPSC General Studies Paper 3 is a crucial component of the Civil Services Examination that assesses candidates' knowledge in areas such as economics, science and technology, environment and ecology, agriculture. One of the significant aspects of this paper is its direct connection to current affairs.
The questions in GS Paper 3 often require candidates to analyze and apply their understanding of contemporary issues and developments. By relating the paper to current affairs, candidates are expected to demonstrate their awareness of ongoing events, government policies, technological advancements, economic trends, and environmental concerns. That's why this article of daily important current affairs article from all sources for upsc is very important for you.
(A). Important articles for economy upsc current affairs 5th july 2023
(1) Fiscal health of states: A macro view of the fiscal health of states+The hindu (page - 8)Article title - A macro view of the fiscal health of states
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Amacro view of the fiscal health of States
Amacro view of the fiscal health of States
In India, the states mobilize more than a third of the total revenue, account for 60% of combined government expenditure, and have a share in government borrowing that is around 40%. Given the significant size of the fiscal operation of states, having an up-to-date understanding of their finances is critical to draw evidence-based inferences on the fiscal situation of the country. In short, it is essential to analyze the emerging fiscal situation of states by examining key data on state finances from individual state budgets for the year 2023-24.
Fiscal imbalance and consolidation
As we conclude the first quarter of the fiscal year 2023-24, it is evident that the rise in the general government deficit and debt, which occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, is starting to recede. Significant fiscal adjustments have been made at both the Union and State levels in the post-pandemic period. At the Union level, the fiscal deficit has decreased from 9.1% of GDP in 2020-21 to 5.9% in 2023-24 (BE). The fiscal deficit for all States was 4.1% of GDP in 2020-21, and it has declined to 3.24% of GDP in 2022-23 (RE). For the major States, it is expected to be 2.9% of GDP for the year 2023-24 (BE).
This significant reduction in the fiscal deficit indicates that we must avoid forming an impressionistic view of the country's fiscal situation, especially concerning the finances of individual states. Due to the lack of aggregated data from each state's budget, obtaining a consolidated view of the general government's finances is not readily accessible. The data is typically made available only after the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) publishes its Annual Study on State Finances, which occurs during the second half of the fiscal year. Aggregating fiscal data from individual state budgets is a rigorous and time-consuming process, hence the delay in publication by the RBI.
The analysis presented in this context is based on the data compiled from the individual budgets of 17 major states. These states account for over 90% of the combined spending of all states in India. As a result, fiscal issues arising from their budgets can be considered representative of the overall state finances in the country. The analysis demonstrates that these states have effectively managed to control their fiscal deficits. This fiscal consolidation holds significant implications. Firstly, despite a substantial decline in revenues, even during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the states collectively demonstrated fiscal prudence. Secondly, the provision of emergency funds for healthcare and livelihood during the pandemic required coordinated fiscal efforts between the union and state governments. Thirdly, the states were able to swiftly reorganize their expenditures and contain the fiscal deficit. Fourthly, the reduction in the fiscal deficit is a result of adjustments on the expenditure side, improved Goods and Services Tax (GST) collection, and increased tax devolution due to strong central revenues. Fifthly, non-GST revenues are also exhibiting signs of recovery in most states following the pandemic.
Physical challenges
However, there are significant fiscal challenges that require attention within the short to medium term, with the most critical being the containment of revenue deficits among states. The reduction in the fiscal deficit has not been accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the revenue deficit. In the fiscal year 2023-24 (BE), out of the 17 major states, 13 states still have deficits in their revenue accounts. Among these 13 states, seven states, namely Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Kerala, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal, have fiscal deficits primarily driven by revenue deficits. Additionally, these states also possess high debt-to-GSDP (Gross State Domestic Product) ratios.
It is indeed true that the presence of a revenue deficit alone cannot be considered as a sign of fiscal profligacy. It is important to acknowledge that the COVID-19 pandemic exerted significant pressure on revenue expenditure. A more thorough and careful analysis of the factors contributing to the increase in the revenue deficit of states is necessary. However, the persistent growth of the revenue deficit, leading to fiscal imbalances, carries long-term fiscal implications. Therefore, there is a pressing need to address and rectify this imbalance in the revenue account.
Among the seven states mentioned, their respective shares of revenue deficit in the fiscal deficit for the year 2023-24 are as follows: Andhra Pradesh (40.9%), Haryana (50.9%), Kerala (60.4%), Punjab (70.7%), Rajasthan (39.7%), Tamil Nadu (40.8%), and West Bengal (47%). The overall share of revenue deficit in the fiscal deficit for all states is expected to be 27% in the same year. An assessment conducted by successive Finance Commissions, starting from the Twelfth Finance Commission, has identified three states, namely Kerala, Punjab, and West Bengal, as fiscally stressed states. However, the number of states facing fiscal stress has now increased to seven when measured in terms of the level of revenue deficit.
For general government macroeconomic stability, it is crucial to consider the following fiscal numbers in relation to the states mentioned: the combined fiscal deficit of these states is 3.71% of Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP), while the all-state average for the same is 2.9%; their combined revenue deficit is 2.15% of GSDP, whereas the all-state revenue deficit is 0.78%; and their combined debt ratio exceeds the recommended debt ratio by the Finance Commission for all states in the year 2023-24. These states collectively contribute approximately 40% to India's GDP. In this context, ensuring fiscal stability for state finances is critical to promote higher state-specific growth. Some of these states have also played significant roles in driving public capital expenditures and have been favored investment destinations for private investors..
Framework of revenue deficit consolidation
When considering the issue of revenue deficit, it is essential to take a long-term view. Examining data from the last 20 years reveals that revenue deficits had nearly disappeared from state budgets prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. During this period, states, as a collective, were consistently generating revenue surpluses in most years. However, the recent resurgence of revenue deficits emphasizes the need to refocus on effectively managing revenue deficits by establishing an incentive-compatible framework. The following measures can be considered.
In the future, if the Union Government continues to provide interest-free loans to the states, linking these loans to a reduction in revenue deficit could be a potential approach. This measure would help eliminate the possibility of substituting states' own capital spending and prevent the diversion of borrowed resources towards financing revenue expenditure. Establishing a defined time path for reducing revenue deficits, along with a credible fiscal adjustment plan, would aid in restoring fiscal balance and enhancing the quality of expenditure
In addition to interest-free loans and fiscal adjustment plans, the implementation of forward-looking performance incentive grants could also be considered as a means to encourage states to reduce revenue deficits. These grants can be designed to provide financial incentives to states that successfully demonstrate progress in reducing their revenue deficits. Previous recommendations and approaches provided by earlier Finance Commissions can serve as valuable references in designing the framework and structure of such performance incentive grants.
In conclusion, we need to get the focus back on the management of revenue deficit. For this, a macro view is essential.
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(B). Important articles for agriculture upsc current affairs 5th july 2023
(1) Issues with food grain schemes: Lessons from the fracas over foodgrains+The hindu (page - 9)Article title - Lessons from the fracas over foodgrains
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Lessons from the fracas over foodgrains
The Karnataka government’s decision to convert the promised Anna Bhagya scheme to adirect benefit transfer temporarily has brought into focus the limits of a State government’s policy intervention on a crucial matter such as food security.
A serious problem
Under the Anna Bhagya scheme, the government had envisioned providing five kg of free rice per person per month to 4.42 crore beneficiaries, including 45 lakh Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) cardholders, 3.58 crore Priority Household (PHH) cardholders, and 39 lakh cardholders belonging to Karnataka's own category of PHH. This was in addition to the regular entitlements of the beneficiaries under the National Food Security Act (NFSA). The state would have required around 2.3 lakh metric tonnes of rice every month to fulfill this commitment.
The Food Corporation of India (FCI) had agreed on June 12 to supply the required quantity under the Open Market Sale Scheme - Domestic (OMSSD) for July. However, the central government had a different plan. On June 13, the Union Food Ministry discontinued the sale of rice and wheat under OMSSD to all state governments, with exceptions. Karnataka had planned to utilize OMSSD to implement the Anna Bhagya scheme, which was one of the five pre-poll guarantees of the Congress party.
Although the Open Market Sale Scheme (OMSS) is primarily intended for the sale of surplus stocks of wheat and rice at predetermined prices through e-auctions in the open market to improve food grain supply and control prices, states have generally been allowed to purchase surplus stocks without e-auctions. However, the OMSS now has limitations to accommodate small and marginal buyers and traders. Currently, the quantity that a bidder can purchase in a single bid ranges from 10 to 100 metric tonnes.
The decision by the central government caught several states, especially rice-deficit ones, by surprise since OMSS is one of the avenues they use to supplement their allocation. The suddenness of the decision particularly affected Karnataka, which had already started preparations to launch the scheme, expecting assistance from the Food Corporation of India (FCI). If there had been an effective communication system in place between the Union Food and Public Distribution Department and the FCI, a statutory body under the central government, the entire controversy could have been avoided.
While suggestions were made to provide ragi and jowar, both grown in parts of Karnataka, to partially meet the proposed demand, this would have posed supply constraints as the required quantity was substantial.
Certainly, the central government has its own reasons for restricting the availability of food grains under OMSSD. The stock position of rice and wheat in the Central pool, as of April 1, 2023, was the lowest in the last three years, although it still exceeded the prescribed level in the food grains stocking norms. Factors such as uncertainty regarding the southwest monsoon and the potential impact of an adverse monsoon on food grain production are likely considerations that influenced the decision to restrict supply. All of these factors highlight the necessity for broader consultation.
Furthermore, whether it is feasible to rely on private traders to lower prices for those who are not covered under the NFSA is a debatable question.
There is one notable difference between the present and the recent past: the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY), which was implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, is no longer in effect. This scheme had provided five kg of free food grains per person per month from the central pool to Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) and Priority Household (PHH) cardholders across India..
This episode has conveyed a crucial message to states that they need to establish their own mechanisms before launching any scheme. Even if there had been no conflict between the central and Karnataka governments, the sustainability of Anna Bhagya would have been questionable since relying solely on OMSSD for supply would not have been sufficient. On average, a total of approximately 16 lakh tonnes were drawn by all players in the country from 2018-19 to 2022-23. The highest quantity, around 24.6 lakh tonnes, was drawn in 2020-21, the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, Karnataka would have required about 27.5 lakh tonnes annually, which is approximately 1.5 lakh tonnes higher than the state's allocation under the NFSA for 2023-24. Hence, states must consider the broader perspective to assess the feasibility of their new schemes.
The central government has valid concerns if every state promises its own scheme in the food sector, expecting the central government and FCI to come to their rescue without considering the emerging reality. If states do not exercise discipline and this trend goes unchecked, the country would not have a comfortable stock, let alone a surplus. Furthermore, the issue was not only about availability but also cost. Reportedly, the FCI had agreed to supply grains to Karnataka at ₹36.6 per kg. Assuming that the required quantity was obtained at this cost, the monthly expenditure would have been around ₹840 crore.
Not an instrument of politics
As of now, there is no food grains crisis. However, the current situation should serve as a lesson to all political players to exercise moderation when making electoral promises, particularly regarding matters of food security. It is essential to stop viewing food grains as a tool for political gain and instead take an objective assessment of programs such as PMGKAY and Anna Bhagya.
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(C). Important articles for science and technology upsc current affairs 5th july 2023
(1) Supermassive black holes: Supermassive black holes show ‘time dilation’ in early universe +The Indian express (page - 15)Article title - Supermassive black holes show ‘time dilation’ in early universe
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SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES SHOW ' TIME DILATION ' IN EARLY UNIVERSE
TIME is a fascinating and elusive concept, as deeply explored by renowned physicist Albert Einstein and even embraced in popular culture by the fictional time traveler Dr. Who. In a captivating episode of the beloved British sci-fi series aired in 2007, the latter character astutely characterized time as "wibbly wobbly."
Scientists reaffirmed this notion in a recent study conducted on Monday. By analyzing observations of powerful black holes known as quasars, they were able to provide evidence of "time dilation" occurring in the early universe. The study revealed that during that period, time elapsed at a rate approximately one-fifth of the speed it does in the present day.
These remarkable observations extend back approximately 12.3 billion years ago, a time when the universe was merely one-tenth of its current age.
In this study, quasars, which are among the brightest objects in the universe, served as a valuable "clock" to measure time in the distant past. These incredibly active celestial entities consist of supermassive black holes, millions to billions of times more massive than our sun, typically located at the cores of galaxies. Quasars possess immense gravitational pull, attracting and consuming surrounding matter, resulting in the release of intense radiation, including high-energy particle jets. Additionally, a luminous disk of matter rotates around them, further contributing to their remarkable characteristics.
In this study, researchers utilized observations related to the brightness of 190 quasars distributed throughout the universe. These observations encompassed a timeframe of approximately 1.5 billion years after the Big Bang, which marked the birth of the cosmos. The researchers conducted a comparative analysis between the brightness of these ancient quasars at 15 different wavelengths and that of present-day quasars. They discovered that specific fluctuations that occur within a given timeframe in modern quasars transpired five times more slowly in the most ancient quasars.
In his groundbreaking general theory of relativity, Albert Einstein demonstrated the interconnectedness of time and space. He revealed that the universe has been expanding in all directions since the occurrence of the Big Bang. Geraint Lewis, an astrophysicist from the University of Sydney in Australia and the lead author of the study published in the journal Nature Astronomy, explained that this ongoing expansion provides an explanation for why time flowed at a slower pace during earlier stages of the universe's history compared to the present day.
Indeed, during that period, it is not as though everything would be perceived in slow motion. If one were to be transported back to that time, a second would still feel like a second. However, from the perspective of an individual in the present day, a second back then would appear to unfold over a duration of five seconds. This relativity in the perception of time highlights the significant disparity in the rate at which time passed in the early universe compared to the current timeframe.
"In the realm of modern physics, time remains a complex and intricate concept," Lewis stated. "Dr. Who aptly described time as 'wibbly-wobbly, timey-wimey stuff,' emphasizing our limited understanding of time and its boundaries. There are still unexplored possibilities, such as time travel and warp drives, that have not been definitively ruled out. The future holds the potential for incredible advancements and discoveries, although the outcomes may or may not align with our expectations. It's an exciting prospect."
By observing distant objects in the universe, scientists are essentially peering back in time due to the finite speed of light. This phenomenon allows them to document time dilation, as demonstrated in previous studies focused on stellar explosions known as supernovas, dating back approximately 7 billion years. By understanding the time it currently takes for supernovas to reach their peak brightness and fade, researchers have examined these celestial events in the past—specifically, those located at significant distances from Earth. Through their investigations, they have discovered that these supernovas unfolded at a slower pace when viewed from our present-time perspective.
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(2) Research: State of science research +The Indian express (page - 15)Article title - Research: State of science research
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State of science research
While India has a large pool of science and engineering students and is involved in frontline research areas globally , it fares poorly on several key parameters , which the NRF has the potential to address
The recent approval by the government for the establishment of a National Research Foundation (NRF) is receiving widespread acclaim from the scientific community. The NRF holds significant potential to address numerous long-standing shortcomings in India's scientific research sector. These deficiencies have been identified and highlighted by experts over the years. The establishment of the NRF has the capacity to single-handedly tackle these challenges and bring about substantial improvements in the country's scientific research landscape.
India boasts a significant pool of science and engineering graduates, an extensive network of laboratories and research institutions, and active engagement in cutting-edge scientific research. These factors have traditionally positioned India among the countries with substantial scientific capabilities. However, when compared to other nations, India has been trailing behind in various research indicators, despite the presence of countries with more limited resources. This disparity highlights the need for addressing the existing gaps and challenges within India's research ecosystem to fully leverage its scientific potential and enhance its global standing in research and development.
Expenditure on R & D
A key factor contributing to India's research challenges is the level of investment in research and development (R&D) activities. Despite the government's stated objective of allocating at least two percent of the national GDP to R&D for over two decades, this target has not been met. Furthermore, the expenditure on research as a proportion of GDP has actually declined over time, from approximately 0.8 percent at the beginning of the millennium to around 0.65 percent currently. Over the past decade, this share has remained stagnant, posing a significant obstacle to the advancement of scientific research in the country.
You are correct. While the overall spending on research and development has increased significantly over the past 15 years in absolute terms, the growth rate of India's GDP has outpaced the growth rate of research expenditure. As a result, the proportion of GDP allocated to research and development has decreased. This suggests that although there has been an increase in the funding available for research, it has not kept pace with the rapid expansion of the country's economy. As a result, the relative share of research expenditure as a percentage of GDP has declined over time.
According to the 2021 UNESCO Science Report, in 2018, at least 37 countries allocated more than 1 percent of their GDP to research and development (R&D). Among them, 15 countries invested two percent or more of their GDP into R&D. Globally, approximately 1.79 percent of the world's GDP is spent on R&D activities. Unlike India, at the global level, the growth in R&D expenditure has outpaced GDP growth. This indicates that many countries worldwide have prioritized and increased their investments in research and development in proportion to their economic growth.
In March, in response to a parliamentary question, the government stated that India's expenditure on research and development in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms was approximately US $68 billion in 2018. This placed India as the sixth-highest spender in the world, following the United States, China, Japan, Germany, and South Korea. However, in comparison to leading countries like the US and China, whose R&D spending exceeded US $500 billion that year, India's investment remained considerably lower.
Furthermore, India's spending on research and development translates to only around 42 US dollars (in PPP terms) per researcher in 2020. In contrast, countries like Israel, South Korea, and the United States allocated significantly higher amounts, with figures around 2,150, 2,180, and 2,183 US dollars per researcher, respectively.
Additionally, the representation of women in the scientific research community in India is comparatively low, with women comprising only 18 percent of total scientific researchers. Globally, this figure stands at 33 percent, highlighting the need for increased gender diversity and inclusivity in the scientific field within India.
Indeed, during that period, it is not as though everything would be perceived in slow motion. If one were to be transported back to that time, a second would still feel like a second. However, from the perspective of an individual in the present day, a second back then would appear to unfold over a duration of five seconds. This relativity in the perception of time highlights the significant disparity in the rate at which time passed in the early universe compared to the current timeframe.
Research in universities
India has a vast number of institutions of higher education, primarily colleges, amounting to nearly 40,000. Out of these, over 1,200 are recognized as full-fledged universities. However, only a mere one percent of these universities actively engage in research, as indicated in the detailed project report on the National Research Foundation (NRF). While comparative data for other countries is unavailable, it is commonly known that universities in most leading nations serve as hubs for research and development activities.
One significant area where the NRF can make a substantial difference, according to Professor Arindam Ghosh of the Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, is in bridging the gap between education and research. This disconnection between education and research is a significant flaw in the Indian system, which is ultimately unsustainable. Therefore, the NRF should place great emphasis on addressing this issue and fostering a stronger integration of education and research within the Indian higher education landscape.
According to the Department of Science and Technology (DST), as of 2021, there were a total of 7,888 research and development (R&D) institutions in India. This includes over 5,200 units operating in the private sector and industries. These private sector units predominantly focus on industry-specific research. It is worth noting that the count of private sector units also encompasses 921 industries that have the potential to undertake research activities. This highlights the presence of a significant number of private entities actively involved in research and development in various sectors across the country.
Research output
India produced 25,550 doctorates in 2020-21, out of which 14,983 were in science and engineering disciplines. This accounts for 59 percent of the overall doctorates, which is a commendable proportion when compared to other countries. In fact, this achievement places India at the seventh rank globally. Not only in relative terms, but even in absolute numbers, India's annual output of science and engineering doctorates stands at the forefront. Only the United States, China, and the United Kingdom surpass India in terms of the number of doctorates produced.
However, when considering India's large population, the proportion of doctorates may not appear as impressive. In fact, India's number of researchers per million population, which is 262, is considerably low compared to even developing countries such as Brazil (888), South Africa (484), or Mexico (349). This highlights the need for India to focus on increasing its research and development capabilities to bridge this gap and foster a more robust research ecosystem.
According to data from the Department of Science and Technology (DST), approximately 94 percent of Indians (34,241 out of 36,565) who attained a doctorate degree at a US university between 2001 and 2020 pursued science and engineering disciplines. This places India in the second position, trailing only behind China in terms of the number of Indian doctorates in these fields. The statistics highlight the significant contribution of Indian students to the scientific and engineering research landscape in the United States.
Publications and patents
According to data from the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Indian researchers published 149,213 articles in science and engineering journals worldwide in 2020. This figure represents an increase of almost two and a half times compared to a decade earlier. However, despite the substantial growth, these publications accounted for only 5 percent of all articles published. Chinese researchers contributed 23 percent of the articles, while US researchers accounted for 15.5 percent.
In terms of patents filed in 2021, India recorded a total of 61,573 filings, positioning it as the sixth-largest in the world. However, this number falls significantly short when compared to the nearly 16 lakh patents filed in China and approximately six lakh in the United States during the same year. These figures emphasize the need for India to further enhance its research and innovation ecosystem to compete on a global scale and foster greater patent activity.
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(3) Antibiotic resistance: Antibiotics with promise- a lifeline India awaits +The hindu (page - 08)Article title - Antibiotics with promise- a lifeline India awaits
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Antibiotics with promise — a lifeline India awaits
Emergency Use
Authorisation
for essential
antibiotics, as
two examples
show, can make a profound
difference
between life
and death.
In the relentless battle against highly drug-resistant infections, a team of doctors recently witnessed a glimmer of hope amid the challenges they faced. Their extraordinary efforts and the life they saved highlight the critical need for action. This is not just a story; it is an earnest plea for Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for essential antibiotics that can make a profound difference between life and death.
In an intensive care room of a leading hospital in Hyderabad, an 18-year-old patient bravely fought not only his aggressive T-cell leukemia but also a formidable and resistant adversary—Extensively Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This strain, known for its high resistance to multiple antibiotics, left the medical team with limited and often ineffective treatment options. Despite the administration of last-resort antibiotics, the patient's condition deteriorated rapidly. Persisting fever spikes and the infection's assault on his lungs signaled a grave situation. The bacteria were literally eating up the patient's face. Time was running out, and his life hung in the balance.
An Indian innovation
In their quest for a lifeline, the doctors turned to a promising antibiotic, cefepime/zidebactam, developed by Indian researchers. This antibiotic combines two active components to combat drug-resistant gram-negative pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. While still undergoing phase 3 trials internationally, this Indian innovation has shown remarkable potential.
This extraordinary case underscores the urgent importance of granting Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for antibiotics currently in phase 3 trials or licensed from other countries. The survival of this young patient serves as a poignant reminder of the need for timely access to effective antibiotics for those most in need.
A dire situation
Infection specialists, intensivists, oncologists, and doctors treating severe infections in critically ill and immunocompromised patients are confronted with a grave reality. The scarcity of potent antibiotics to combat drug-resistant infections poses a direct threat to countless lives. It is distressing to witness patients succumb to infections simply because the available antibiotics have lost their effectiveness due to rising resistance. The dire situation faced by doctors as they grapple with drug-resistant infections is a devastating reality that cannot be ignored.
Each year, millions of lives are lost due to the inadequacy of available antibiotics in the face of these formidable pathogens. The relentless march of drug resistance has rendered once-effective treatments ineffective.
The challenges faced by doctors in combating drug-resistant infections are multifaceted. They must navigate through a shrinking arsenal of effective antibiotics, leaving them with limited choices and often resorting to suboptimal treatments that may have significant side effects or offer little hope of a cure. The constant race against time, trying to stay one step ahead of the mutating bacteria, adds to the immense pressure and helplessness experienced by doctors on the front lines.
India, a nation that has demonstrated remarkable progress in granting Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for COVID-19 vaccines, now stands at a critical juncture. We must extend the same level of urgency and commitment to saving the lives of patients who may otherwise succumb to infections resistant to all currently available antibiotics.
While it is true that several antibiotics are licensed within our country based on small clinical studies and of questionable benefit, we must recognize that what we truly need are powerful weapons to fight against drug-resistant infections. Antibiotics that have been thoroughly evaluated or proven to be effective are essential in the battle against superbugs.
Cefepime/zidebactam is a shining example of India's scientific prowess. Currently undergoing international phase 3 trials, this antibiotic has demonstrated its potential to save lives. By recognizing the importance of cefepime/zidebactam and expediting its Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), we not only save lives within our borders but also extend a helping hand around the globe to countless individuals in desperate need of effective treatment options.
Research in universities
India has a vast number of institutions of higher education, primarily colleges, amounting to nearly 40,000. Out of these, over 1,200 are recognized as full-fledged universities. However, only a mere one percent of these universities actively engage in research, as indicated in the detailed project report on the National Research Foundation (NRF). While comparative data for other countries is unavailable, it is commonly known that universities in most leading nations serve as hubs for research and development activities.
One significant area where the NRF can make a substantial difference, according to Professor Arindam Ghosh of the Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, is in bridging the gap between education and research. This disconnection between education and research is a significant flaw in the Indian system, which is ultimately unsustainable. Therefore, the NRF should place great emphasis on addressing this issue and fostering a stronger integration of education and research within the Indian higher education landscape.
According to the Department of Science and Technology (DST), as of 2021, there were a total of 7,888 research and development (R&D) institutions in India. This includes over 5,200 units operating in the private sector and industries. These private sector units predominantly focus on industry-specific research. It is worth noting that the count of private sector units also encompasses 921 industries that have the potential to undertake research activities. This highlights the presence of a significant number of private entities actively involved in research and development in various sectors across the country.
Made by Japan
Cefiderocol, a licensed antibiotic in several countries and developed by a Japanese company, has demonstrated excellent efficacy against drug-resistant infections. It is disheartening that it remains unavailable within our country. The gravity of the cases faced by patients in India demands access to this life-saving antibiotic, and we firmly believe it should be made accessible without delay. However, we must emphasize the importance of responsible and appropriate utilization of these medications.
A collective decision by a team of experienced doctors, including infectious diseases experts, should be made mandatory before initiating their use. This will ensure that these powerful antibiotics are administered to patients who will benefit the most while minimizing the risk of misuse or overuse.
We implore the authorities to recognize the urgent need for action and acknowledge the immense potential of these life-saving antibiotics. By granting Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for cefepime/zidebactam, an Indian innovation, and cefiderocol, a globally recognized antibiotic, we can strengthen our arsenal against drug-resistant infections. Their inclusion in the EUA list would not only empower doctors but also instill a renewed sense of hope and confidence among patients and their families. As a nation known for its scientific achievements, we have the opportunity to make a substantial impact on the world stage.
Note :- this article is from official website you can read it on either our website or official website also.
IMPORTANCE OF THIS Article
Daily articles from reputable sources such as The Hindu, Indian Express, LiveLaw, Down To Earth, PIB, and ORF play a pivotal role in the preparation for the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) examination. In this article, we will explore the importance of regularly reading articles from these sources and how they contribute to an effective UPSC preparation strategy.
1. Stay Updated with Current Affairs:To excel in the UPSC examination, keeping up with current affairs is vital. The Hindu, Indian Express, LiveLaw, Down To Earth, PIB, and ORF provide comprehensive coverage of national and international news, ensuring that candidates are well-informed about the latest events, developments, and issues that are relevant to the UPSC syllabus.
2. Gain Insights and Diverse Perspectives:UPSC exams require candidates to have a broad understanding of various subjects and the ability to analyze issues from multiple perspectives. The articles published by these sources offer valuable insights, expert opinions, and diverse viewpoints on a wide range of topics. Reading them helps candidates develop critical thinking skills, analytical abilities, and a balanced approach towards complex issues.
3. Government Policies and Initiatives:UPSC exams often test candidates' knowledge of government schemes, policies, and initiatives. The daily articles from these sources provide in-depth coverage of such policies, including their objectives, implementation, impact, and challenges. By reading these articles, candidates can stay abreast of the latest government initiatives, enabling them to answer questions related to governance, social welfare, and development effectively.
4. Real-Life Examples and Case Studies:The UPSC examination expects candidates to support their answers with real-life examples and case studies. The articles from The Hindu, Indian Express, LiveLaw, Down To Earth, PIB, and ORF present numerous instances, incidents, and situations that can be used as illustrations during the exam. These examples enhance candidates' answers, making them more comprehensive and compelling.
5. Essay Writing and Language Skills:Effective communication is crucial for the UPSC mains examination, particularly in the essay paper. Regularly reading well-written articles from these sources enhances candidates' vocabulary, grammar, sentence structure, and overall writing style. Exposure to diverse writing styles helps candidates express their thoughts effectively, improving their essay writing skills.
6. Preparation for UPSC Interviews:The final stage of the UPSC examination includes a personal interview, where candidates are assessed for their knowledge, analytical abilities, and awareness of current affairs. Daily articles from reputable sources like The Hindu, Indian Express, LiveLaw, Down To Earth, PIB, and ORF help candidates stay updated on the latest happenings, enabling them to confidently answer interview questions related to current events, national and international issues, and government policies.
The UPSC General Studies Paper 3 is a crucial component of the Civil Services Examination that assesses candidates' knowledge in areas such as economics, science and technology, environment and ecology, agriculture. One of the significant aspects of this paper is its direct connection to current affairs.
The questions in GS Paper 3 often require candidates to analyze and apply their understanding of contemporary issues and developments. By relating the paper to current affairs, candidates are expected to demonstrate their awareness of ongoing events, government policies, technological advancements, economic trends, and environmental concerns. That's why this article of daily important current affairs article from all sources for upsc is very important for you.
(A). Important articles for economy upsc current affairs 5th july 2023
(1) Fiscal health of states: A macro view of the fiscal health of states
+The hindu (page - 8)
Article title - A macro view of the fiscal health of states
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Amacro view of the fiscal health of States
Amacro view of the fiscal health of States
In India, the states mobilize more than a third of the total revenue, account for 60% of combined government expenditure, and have a share in government borrowing that is around 40%. Given the significant size of the fiscal operation of states, having an up-to-date understanding of their finances is critical to draw evidence-based inferences on the fiscal situation of the country. In short, it is essential to analyze the emerging fiscal situation of states by examining key data on state finances from individual state budgets for the year 2023-24.
Fiscal imbalance and consolidation
As we conclude the first quarter of the fiscal year 2023-24, it is evident that the rise in the general government deficit and debt, which occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, is starting to recede. Significant fiscal adjustments have been made at both the Union and State levels in the post-pandemic period. At the Union level, the fiscal deficit has decreased from 9.1% of GDP in 2020-21 to 5.9% in 2023-24 (BE). The fiscal deficit for all States was 4.1% of GDP in 2020-21, and it has declined to 3.24% of GDP in 2022-23 (RE). For the major States, it is expected to be 2.9% of GDP for the year 2023-24 (BE).
This significant reduction in the fiscal deficit indicates that we must avoid forming an impressionistic view of the country's fiscal situation, especially concerning the finances of individual states. Due to the lack of aggregated data from each state's budget, obtaining a consolidated view of the general government's finances is not readily accessible. The data is typically made available only after the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) publishes its Annual Study on State Finances, which occurs during the second half of the fiscal year. Aggregating fiscal data from individual state budgets is a rigorous and time-consuming process, hence the delay in publication by the RBI.
The analysis presented in this context is based on the data compiled from the individual budgets of 17 major states. These states account for over 90% of the combined spending of all states in India. As a result, fiscal issues arising from their budgets can be considered representative of the overall state finances in the country. The analysis demonstrates that these states have effectively managed to control their fiscal deficits. This fiscal consolidation holds significant implications. Firstly, despite a substantial decline in revenues, even during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the states collectively demonstrated fiscal prudence. Secondly, the provision of emergency funds for healthcare and livelihood during the pandemic required coordinated fiscal efforts between the union and state governments. Thirdly, the states were able to swiftly reorganize their expenditures and contain the fiscal deficit. Fourthly, the reduction in the fiscal deficit is a result of adjustments on the expenditure side, improved Goods and Services Tax (GST) collection, and increased tax devolution due to strong central revenues. Fifthly, non-GST revenues are also exhibiting signs of recovery in most states following the pandemic.
Physical challenges
However, there are significant fiscal challenges that require attention within the short to medium term, with the most critical being the containment of revenue deficits among states. The reduction in the fiscal deficit has not been accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the revenue deficit. In the fiscal year 2023-24 (BE), out of the 17 major states, 13 states still have deficits in their revenue accounts. Among these 13 states, seven states, namely Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Kerala, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal, have fiscal deficits primarily driven by revenue deficits. Additionally, these states also possess high debt-to-GSDP (Gross State Domestic Product) ratios.
It is indeed true that the presence of a revenue deficit alone cannot be considered as a sign of fiscal profligacy. It is important to acknowledge that the COVID-19 pandemic exerted significant pressure on revenue expenditure. A more thorough and careful analysis of the factors contributing to the increase in the revenue deficit of states is necessary. However, the persistent growth of the revenue deficit, leading to fiscal imbalances, carries long-term fiscal implications. Therefore, there is a pressing need to address and rectify this imbalance in the revenue account.
Among the seven states mentioned, their respective shares of revenue deficit in the fiscal deficit for the year 2023-24 are as follows: Andhra Pradesh (40.9%), Haryana (50.9%), Kerala (60.4%), Punjab (70.7%), Rajasthan (39.7%), Tamil Nadu (40.8%), and West Bengal (47%). The overall share of revenue deficit in the fiscal deficit for all states is expected to be 27% in the same year. An assessment conducted by successive Finance Commissions, starting from the Twelfth Finance Commission, has identified three states, namely Kerala, Punjab, and West Bengal, as fiscally stressed states. However, the number of states facing fiscal stress has now increased to seven when measured in terms of the level of revenue deficit.
For general government macroeconomic stability, it is crucial to consider the following fiscal numbers in relation to the states mentioned: the combined fiscal deficit of these states is 3.71% of Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP), while the all-state average for the same is 2.9%; their combined revenue deficit is 2.15% of GSDP, whereas the all-state revenue deficit is 0.78%; and their combined debt ratio exceeds the recommended debt ratio by the Finance Commission for all states in the year 2023-24. These states collectively contribute approximately 40% to India's GDP. In this context, ensuring fiscal stability for state finances is critical to promote higher state-specific growth. Some of these states have also played significant roles in driving public capital expenditures and have been favored investment destinations for private investors..
Framework of revenue deficit consolidation
When considering the issue of revenue deficit, it is essential to take a long-term view. Examining data from the last 20 years reveals that revenue deficits had nearly disappeared from state budgets prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. During this period, states, as a collective, were consistently generating revenue surpluses in most years. However, the recent resurgence of revenue deficits emphasizes the need to refocus on effectively managing revenue deficits by establishing an incentive-compatible framework. The following measures can be considered.
In the future, if the Union Government continues to provide interest-free loans to the states, linking these loans to a reduction in revenue deficit could be a potential approach. This measure would help eliminate the possibility of substituting states' own capital spending and prevent the diversion of borrowed resources towards financing revenue expenditure. Establishing a defined time path for reducing revenue deficits, along with a credible fiscal adjustment plan, would aid in restoring fiscal balance and enhancing the quality of expenditure
In addition to interest-free loans and fiscal adjustment plans, the implementation of forward-looking performance incentive grants could also be considered as a means to encourage states to reduce revenue deficits. These grants can be designed to provide financial incentives to states that successfully demonstrate progress in reducing their revenue deficits. Previous recommendations and approaches provided by earlier Finance Commissions can serve as valuable references in designing the framework and structure of such performance incentive grants.
In conclusion, we need to get the focus back on the management of revenue deficit. For this, a macro view is essential.
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(B). Important articles for agriculture upsc current affairs 5th july 2023
(1) Issues with food grain schemes: Lessons from the fracas over foodgrains
+The hindu (page - 9)
Article title - Lessons from the fracas over foodgrains
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Lessons from the fracas over foodgrains
The Karnataka government’s decision to convert the promised Anna Bhagya scheme to adirect benefit transfer temporarily has brought into focus the limits of a State government’s policy intervention on a crucial matter such as food security.
A serious problem
Under the Anna Bhagya scheme, the government had envisioned providing five kg of free rice per person per month to 4.42 crore beneficiaries, including 45 lakh Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) cardholders, 3.58 crore Priority Household (PHH) cardholders, and 39 lakh cardholders belonging to Karnataka's own category of PHH. This was in addition to the regular entitlements of the beneficiaries under the National Food Security Act (NFSA). The state would have required around 2.3 lakh metric tonnes of rice every month to fulfill this commitment.
The Food Corporation of India (FCI) had agreed on June 12 to supply the required quantity under the Open Market Sale Scheme - Domestic (OMSSD) for July. However, the central government had a different plan. On June 13, the Union Food Ministry discontinued the sale of rice and wheat under OMSSD to all state governments, with exceptions. Karnataka had planned to utilize OMSSD to implement the Anna Bhagya scheme, which was one of the five pre-poll guarantees of the Congress party.
Although the Open Market Sale Scheme (OMSS) is primarily intended for the sale of surplus stocks of wheat and rice at predetermined prices through e-auctions in the open market to improve food grain supply and control prices, states have generally been allowed to purchase surplus stocks without e-auctions. However, the OMSS now has limitations to accommodate small and marginal buyers and traders. Currently, the quantity that a bidder can purchase in a single bid ranges from 10 to 100 metric tonnes.
The decision by the central government caught several states, especially rice-deficit ones, by surprise since OMSS is one of the avenues they use to supplement their allocation. The suddenness of the decision particularly affected Karnataka, which had already started preparations to launch the scheme, expecting assistance from the Food Corporation of India (FCI). If there had been an effective communication system in place between the Union Food and Public Distribution Department and the FCI, a statutory body under the central government, the entire controversy could have been avoided.
While suggestions were made to provide ragi and jowar, both grown in parts of Karnataka, to partially meet the proposed demand, this would have posed supply constraints as the required quantity was substantial.
Certainly, the central government has its own reasons for restricting the availability of food grains under OMSSD. The stock position of rice and wheat in the Central pool, as of April 1, 2023, was the lowest in the last three years, although it still exceeded the prescribed level in the food grains stocking norms. Factors such as uncertainty regarding the southwest monsoon and the potential impact of an adverse monsoon on food grain production are likely considerations that influenced the decision to restrict supply. All of these factors highlight the necessity for broader consultation.
Furthermore, whether it is feasible to rely on private traders to lower prices for those who are not covered under the NFSA is a debatable question.
There is one notable difference between the present and the recent past: the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY), which was implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, is no longer in effect. This scheme had provided five kg of free food grains per person per month from the central pool to Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) and Priority Household (PHH) cardholders across India..
This episode has conveyed a crucial message to states that they need to establish their own mechanisms before launching any scheme. Even if there had been no conflict between the central and Karnataka governments, the sustainability of Anna Bhagya would have been questionable since relying solely on OMSSD for supply would not have been sufficient. On average, a total of approximately 16 lakh tonnes were drawn by all players in the country from 2018-19 to 2022-23. The highest quantity, around 24.6 lakh tonnes, was drawn in 2020-21, the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, Karnataka would have required about 27.5 lakh tonnes annually, which is approximately 1.5 lakh tonnes higher than the state's allocation under the NFSA for 2023-24. Hence, states must consider the broader perspective to assess the feasibility of their new schemes.
The central government has valid concerns if every state promises its own scheme in the food sector, expecting the central government and FCI to come to their rescue without considering the emerging reality. If states do not exercise discipline and this trend goes unchecked, the country would not have a comfortable stock, let alone a surplus. Furthermore, the issue was not only about availability but also cost. Reportedly, the FCI had agreed to supply grains to Karnataka at ₹36.6 per kg. Assuming that the required quantity was obtained at this cost, the monthly expenditure would have been around ₹840 crore.
Not an instrument of politics
As of now, there is no food grains crisis. However, the current situation should serve as a lesson to all political players to exercise moderation when making electoral promises, particularly regarding matters of food security. It is essential to stop viewing food grains as a tool for political gain and instead take an objective assessment of programs such as PMGKAY and Anna Bhagya.
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(C). Important articles for science and technology upsc current affairs 5th july 2023
(1) Supermassive black holes: Supermassive black holes show ‘time dilation’ in early universe
+The Indian express (page - 15)
Article title - Supermassive black holes show ‘time dilation’ in early universe
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SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES SHOW ' TIME DILATION ' IN EARLY UNIVERSE
TIME is a fascinating and elusive concept, as deeply explored by renowned physicist Albert Einstein and even embraced in popular culture by the fictional time traveler Dr. Who. In a captivating episode of the beloved British sci-fi series aired in 2007, the latter character astutely characterized time as "wibbly wobbly."
Scientists reaffirmed this notion in a recent study conducted on Monday. By analyzing observations of powerful black holes known as quasars, they were able to provide evidence of "time dilation" occurring in the early universe. The study revealed that during that period, time elapsed at a rate approximately one-fifth of the speed it does in the present day.
These remarkable observations extend back approximately 12.3 billion years ago, a time when the universe was merely one-tenth of its current age.
In this study, quasars, which are among the brightest objects in the universe, served as a valuable "clock" to measure time in the distant past. These incredibly active celestial entities consist of supermassive black holes, millions to billions of times more massive than our sun, typically located at the cores of galaxies. Quasars possess immense gravitational pull, attracting and consuming surrounding matter, resulting in the release of intense radiation, including high-energy particle jets. Additionally, a luminous disk of matter rotates around them, further contributing to their remarkable characteristics.
In this study, researchers utilized observations related to the brightness of 190 quasars distributed throughout the universe. These observations encompassed a timeframe of approximately 1.5 billion years after the Big Bang, which marked the birth of the cosmos. The researchers conducted a comparative analysis between the brightness of these ancient quasars at 15 different wavelengths and that of present-day quasars. They discovered that specific fluctuations that occur within a given timeframe in modern quasars transpired five times more slowly in the most ancient quasars.
In his groundbreaking general theory of relativity, Albert Einstein demonstrated the interconnectedness of time and space. He revealed that the universe has been expanding in all directions since the occurrence of the Big Bang. Geraint Lewis, an astrophysicist from the University of Sydney in Australia and the lead author of the study published in the journal Nature Astronomy, explained that this ongoing expansion provides an explanation for why time flowed at a slower pace during earlier stages of the universe's history compared to the present day.
Indeed, during that period, it is not as though everything would be perceived in slow motion. If one were to be transported back to that time, a second would still feel like a second. However, from the perspective of an individual in the present day, a second back then would appear to unfold over a duration of five seconds. This relativity in the perception of time highlights the significant disparity in the rate at which time passed in the early universe compared to the current timeframe.
"In the realm of modern physics, time remains a complex and intricate concept," Lewis stated. "Dr. Who aptly described time as 'wibbly-wobbly, timey-wimey stuff,' emphasizing our limited understanding of time and its boundaries. There are still unexplored possibilities, such as time travel and warp drives, that have not been definitively ruled out. The future holds the potential for incredible advancements and discoveries, although the outcomes may or may not align with our expectations. It's an exciting prospect."
By observing distant objects in the universe, scientists are essentially peering back in time due to the finite speed of light. This phenomenon allows them to document time dilation, as demonstrated in previous studies focused on stellar explosions known as supernovas, dating back approximately 7 billion years. By understanding the time it currently takes for supernovas to reach their peak brightness and fade, researchers have examined these celestial events in the past—specifically, those located at significant distances from Earth. Through their investigations, they have discovered that these supernovas unfolded at a slower pace when viewed from our present-time perspective.
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(2) Research: State of science research
+The Indian express (page - 15)
Article title - Research: State of science research
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div style="font-family: Kanit;">
State of science research
While India has a large pool of science and engineering students and is involved in frontline research areas globally , it fares poorly on several key parameters , which the NRF has the potential to address
The recent approval by the government for the establishment of a National Research Foundation (NRF) is receiving widespread acclaim from the scientific community. The NRF holds significant potential to address numerous long-standing shortcomings in India's scientific research sector. These deficiencies have been identified and highlighted by experts over the years. The establishment of the NRF has the capacity to single-handedly tackle these challenges and bring about substantial improvements in the country's scientific research landscape.
India boasts a significant pool of science and engineering graduates, an extensive network of laboratories and research institutions, and active engagement in cutting-edge scientific research. These factors have traditionally positioned India among the countries with substantial scientific capabilities. However, when compared to other nations, India has been trailing behind in various research indicators, despite the presence of countries with more limited resources. This disparity highlights the need for addressing the existing gaps and challenges within India's research ecosystem to fully leverage its scientific potential and enhance its global standing in research and development.
Expenditure on R & D
A key factor contributing to India's research challenges is the level of investment in research and development (R&D) activities. Despite the government's stated objective of allocating at least two percent of the national GDP to R&D for over two decades, this target has not been met. Furthermore, the expenditure on research as a proportion of GDP has actually declined over time, from approximately 0.8 percent at the beginning of the millennium to around 0.65 percent currently. Over the past decade, this share has remained stagnant, posing a significant obstacle to the advancement of scientific research in the country.
You are correct. While the overall spending on research and development has increased significantly over the past 15 years in absolute terms, the growth rate of India's GDP has outpaced the growth rate of research expenditure. As a result, the proportion of GDP allocated to research and development has decreased. This suggests that although there has been an increase in the funding available for research, it has not kept pace with the rapid expansion of the country's economy. As a result, the relative share of research expenditure as a percentage of GDP has declined over time.
According to the 2021 UNESCO Science Report, in 2018, at least 37 countries allocated more than 1 percent of their GDP to research and development (R&D). Among them, 15 countries invested two percent or more of their GDP into R&D. Globally, approximately 1.79 percent of the world's GDP is spent on R&D activities. Unlike India, at the global level, the growth in R&D expenditure has outpaced GDP growth. This indicates that many countries worldwide have prioritized and increased their investments in research and development in proportion to their economic growth.
In March, in response to a parliamentary question, the government stated that India's expenditure on research and development in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms was approximately US $68 billion in 2018. This placed India as the sixth-highest spender in the world, following the United States, China, Japan, Germany, and South Korea. However, in comparison to leading countries like the US and China, whose R&D spending exceeded US $500 billion that year, India's investment remained considerably lower.
Furthermore, India's spending on research and development translates to only around 42 US dollars (in PPP terms) per researcher in 2020. In contrast, countries like Israel, South Korea, and the United States allocated significantly higher amounts, with figures around 2,150, 2,180, and 2,183 US dollars per researcher, respectively.
Additionally, the representation of women in the scientific research community in India is comparatively low, with women comprising only 18 percent of total scientific researchers. Globally, this figure stands at 33 percent, highlighting the need for increased gender diversity and inclusivity in the scientific field within India.
Indeed, during that period, it is not as though everything would be perceived in slow motion. If one were to be transported back to that time, a second would still feel like a second. However, from the perspective of an individual in the present day, a second back then would appear to unfold over a duration of five seconds. This relativity in the perception of time highlights the significant disparity in the rate at which time passed in the early universe compared to the current timeframe.
Research in universities
India has a vast number of institutions of higher education, primarily colleges, amounting to nearly 40,000. Out of these, over 1,200 are recognized as full-fledged universities. However, only a mere one percent of these universities actively engage in research, as indicated in the detailed project report on the National Research Foundation (NRF). While comparative data for other countries is unavailable, it is commonly known that universities in most leading nations serve as hubs for research and development activities.
One significant area where the NRF can make a substantial difference, according to Professor Arindam Ghosh of the Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, is in bridging the gap between education and research. This disconnection between education and research is a significant flaw in the Indian system, which is ultimately unsustainable. Therefore, the NRF should place great emphasis on addressing this issue and fostering a stronger integration of education and research within the Indian higher education landscape.
According to the Department of Science and Technology (DST), as of 2021, there were a total of 7,888 research and development (R&D) institutions in India. This includes over 5,200 units operating in the private sector and industries. These private sector units predominantly focus on industry-specific research. It is worth noting that the count of private sector units also encompasses 921 industries that have the potential to undertake research activities. This highlights the presence of a significant number of private entities actively involved in research and development in various sectors across the country.
Research output
India produced 25,550 doctorates in 2020-21, out of which 14,983 were in science and engineering disciplines. This accounts for 59 percent of the overall doctorates, which is a commendable proportion when compared to other countries. In fact, this achievement places India at the seventh rank globally. Not only in relative terms, but even in absolute numbers, India's annual output of science and engineering doctorates stands at the forefront. Only the United States, China, and the United Kingdom surpass India in terms of the number of doctorates produced.
However, when considering India's large population, the proportion of doctorates may not appear as impressive. In fact, India's number of researchers per million population, which is 262, is considerably low compared to even developing countries such as Brazil (888), South Africa (484), or Mexico (349). This highlights the need for India to focus on increasing its research and development capabilities to bridge this gap and foster a more robust research ecosystem.
According to data from the Department of Science and Technology (DST), approximately 94 percent of Indians (34,241 out of 36,565) who attained a doctorate degree at a US university between 2001 and 2020 pursued science and engineering disciplines. This places India in the second position, trailing only behind China in terms of the number of Indian doctorates in these fields. The statistics highlight the significant contribution of Indian students to the scientific and engineering research landscape in the United States.
Publications and patents
According to data from the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Indian researchers published 149,213 articles in science and engineering journals worldwide in 2020. This figure represents an increase of almost two and a half times compared to a decade earlier. However, despite the substantial growth, these publications accounted for only 5 percent of all articles published. Chinese researchers contributed 23 percent of the articles, while US researchers accounted for 15.5 percent.
In terms of patents filed in 2021, India recorded a total of 61,573 filings, positioning it as the sixth-largest in the world. However, this number falls significantly short when compared to the nearly 16 lakh patents filed in China and approximately six lakh in the United States during the same year. These figures emphasize the need for India to further enhance its research and innovation ecosystem to compete on a global scale and foster greater patent activity.
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(3) Antibiotic resistance: Antibiotics with promise- a lifeline India awaits
+The hindu (page - 08)
Article title - Antibiotics with promise- a lifeline India awaits
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Antibiotics with promise — a lifeline India awaits
Emergency Use
Authorisation
for essential
antibiotics, as
two examples
show, can make a profound
difference
between life
and death.
In the relentless battle against highly drug-resistant infections, a team of doctors recently witnessed a glimmer of hope amid the challenges they faced. Their extraordinary efforts and the life they saved highlight the critical need for action. This is not just a story; it is an earnest plea for Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for essential antibiotics that can make a profound difference between life and death.
In an intensive care room of a leading hospital in Hyderabad, an 18-year-old patient bravely fought not only his aggressive T-cell leukemia but also a formidable and resistant adversary—Extensively Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This strain, known for its high resistance to multiple antibiotics, left the medical team with limited and often ineffective treatment options. Despite the administration of last-resort antibiotics, the patient's condition deteriorated rapidly. Persisting fever spikes and the infection's assault on his lungs signaled a grave situation. The bacteria were literally eating up the patient's face. Time was running out, and his life hung in the balance.
An Indian innovation
In their quest for a lifeline, the doctors turned to a promising antibiotic, cefepime/zidebactam, developed by Indian researchers. This antibiotic combines two active components to combat drug-resistant gram-negative pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. While still undergoing phase 3 trials internationally, this Indian innovation has shown remarkable potential.
This extraordinary case underscores the urgent importance of granting Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for antibiotics currently in phase 3 trials or licensed from other countries. The survival of this young patient serves as a poignant reminder of the need for timely access to effective antibiotics for those most in need.
A dire situation
Infection specialists, intensivists, oncologists, and doctors treating severe infections in critically ill and immunocompromised patients are confronted with a grave reality. The scarcity of potent antibiotics to combat drug-resistant infections poses a direct threat to countless lives. It is distressing to witness patients succumb to infections simply because the available antibiotics have lost their effectiveness due to rising resistance. The dire situation faced by doctors as they grapple with drug-resistant infections is a devastating reality that cannot be ignored.
Each year, millions of lives are lost due to the inadequacy of available antibiotics in the face of these formidable pathogens. The relentless march of drug resistance has rendered once-effective treatments ineffective.
The challenges faced by doctors in combating drug-resistant infections are multifaceted. They must navigate through a shrinking arsenal of effective antibiotics, leaving them with limited choices and often resorting to suboptimal treatments that may have significant side effects or offer little hope of a cure. The constant race against time, trying to stay one step ahead of the mutating bacteria, adds to the immense pressure and helplessness experienced by doctors on the front lines.
India, a nation that has demonstrated remarkable progress in granting Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for COVID-19 vaccines, now stands at a critical juncture. We must extend the same level of urgency and commitment to saving the lives of patients who may otherwise succumb to infections resistant to all currently available antibiotics.
While it is true that several antibiotics are licensed within our country based on small clinical studies and of questionable benefit, we must recognize that what we truly need are powerful weapons to fight against drug-resistant infections. Antibiotics that have been thoroughly evaluated or proven to be effective are essential in the battle against superbugs.
Cefepime/zidebactam is a shining example of India's scientific prowess. Currently undergoing international phase 3 trials, this antibiotic has demonstrated its potential to save lives. By recognizing the importance of cefepime/zidebactam and expediting its Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), we not only save lives within our borders but also extend a helping hand around the globe to countless individuals in desperate need of effective treatment options.
Research in universities
India has a vast number of institutions of higher education, primarily colleges, amounting to nearly 40,000. Out of these, over 1,200 are recognized as full-fledged universities. However, only a mere one percent of these universities actively engage in research, as indicated in the detailed project report on the National Research Foundation (NRF). While comparative data for other countries is unavailable, it is commonly known that universities in most leading nations serve as hubs for research and development activities.
One significant area where the NRF can make a substantial difference, according to Professor Arindam Ghosh of the Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, is in bridging the gap between education and research. This disconnection between education and research is a significant flaw in the Indian system, which is ultimately unsustainable. Therefore, the NRF should place great emphasis on addressing this issue and fostering a stronger integration of education and research within the Indian higher education landscape.
According to the Department of Science and Technology (DST), as of 2021, there were a total of 7,888 research and development (R&D) institutions in India. This includes over 5,200 units operating in the private sector and industries. These private sector units predominantly focus on industry-specific research. It is worth noting that the count of private sector units also encompasses 921 industries that have the potential to undertake research activities. This highlights the presence of a significant number of private entities actively involved in research and development in various sectors across the country.
Made by Japan
Cefiderocol, a licensed antibiotic in several countries and developed by a Japanese company, has demonstrated excellent efficacy against drug-resistant infections. It is disheartening that it remains unavailable within our country. The gravity of the cases faced by patients in India demands access to this life-saving antibiotic, and we firmly believe it should be made accessible without delay. However, we must emphasize the importance of responsible and appropriate utilization of these medications.
A collective decision by a team of experienced doctors, including infectious diseases experts, should be made mandatory before initiating their use. This will ensure that these powerful antibiotics are administered to patients who will benefit the most while minimizing the risk of misuse or overuse.
We implore the authorities to recognize the urgent need for action and acknowledge the immense potential of these life-saving antibiotics. By granting Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for cefepime/zidebactam, an Indian innovation, and cefiderocol, a globally recognized antibiotic, we can strengthen our arsenal against drug-resistant infections. Their inclusion in the EUA list would not only empower doctors but also instill a renewed sense of hope and confidence among patients and their families. As a nation known for its scientific achievements, we have the opportunity to make a substantial impact on the world stage.
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IMPORTANCE OF THIS Article
Daily articles from reputable sources such as The Hindu, Indian Express, LiveLaw, Down To Earth, PIB, and ORF play a pivotal role in the preparation for the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) examination. In this article, we will explore the importance of regularly reading articles from these sources and how they contribute to an effective UPSC preparation strategy.
1. Stay Updated with Current Affairs:
To excel in the UPSC examination, keeping up with current affairs is vital. The Hindu, Indian Express, LiveLaw, Down To Earth, PIB, and ORF provide comprehensive coverage of national and international news, ensuring that candidates are well-informed about the latest events, developments, and issues that are relevant to the UPSC syllabus.
2. Gain Insights and Diverse Perspectives:
UPSC exams require candidates to have a broad understanding of various subjects and the ability to analyze issues from multiple perspectives. The articles published by these sources offer valuable insights, expert opinions, and diverse viewpoints on a wide range of topics. Reading them helps candidates develop critical thinking skills, analytical abilities, and a balanced approach towards complex issues.
3. Government Policies and Initiatives:
UPSC exams often test candidates' knowledge of government schemes, policies, and initiatives. The daily articles from these sources provide in-depth coverage of such policies, including their objectives, implementation, impact, and challenges. By reading these articles, candidates can stay abreast of the latest government initiatives, enabling them to answer questions related to governance, social welfare, and development effectively.
4. Real-Life Examples and Case Studies:
The UPSC examination expects candidates to support their answers with real-life examples and case studies. The articles from The Hindu, Indian Express, LiveLaw, Down To Earth, PIB, and ORF present numerous instances, incidents, and situations that can be used as illustrations during the exam. These examples enhance candidates' answers, making them more comprehensive and compelling.
5. Essay Writing and Language Skills:
Effective communication is crucial for the UPSC mains examination, particularly in the essay paper. Regularly reading well-written articles from these sources enhances candidates' vocabulary, grammar, sentence structure, and overall writing style. Exposure to diverse writing styles helps candidates express their thoughts effectively, improving their essay writing skills.
6. Preparation for UPSC Interviews:
The final stage of the UPSC examination includes a personal interview, where candidates are assessed for their knowledge, analytical abilities, and awareness of current affairs. Daily articles from reputable sources like The Hindu, Indian Express, LiveLaw, Down To Earth, PIB, and ORF help candidates stay updated on the latest happenings, enabling them to confidently answer interview questions related to current events, national and international issues, and government policies.
